In 2010, Patrick Canning, Ainsley Charles, Sonya Huang, Karen R. Polenske, and Arnold Waters prepared a report for the U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service. The analysis found that in the U.S., use of energy along the food chain for food purchases by or for U.S. households increased between 1997 and 2002 at more than six times the rate of increase in total domestic energy use.